Post-translational modification by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (ubls) regulates almost all aspects of cellular function. Although it is known that E1, E2 and E3 enzymes work together in a ...

Ubiquitin (Ub) is a protein modifier that controls processes ranging from protein degradation to endocytosis, but early-acting regulators of the three-enzyme ubiquitylation cascade are unknown. Here ...

In all organisms, innate immune pathways sense infection and rapidly activate potent immune responses while avoiding inappropriate activation (autoimmunity). In humans, the innate immune receptor ...